Development and Resuscitation of a Sedated, Mature Male Miniature Swine Severe Hemorrhage Model.
Burns, John W. PhD; Baer, Lisa A. BS; Hagerman, Erica J. BS; Jordan, Bryan S. MS; Nelson, Johnny J. Jr.; Batchinsky, Andriy I. MD; Cancio, Leopoldo C. MD; Jones, John A. BS; Dubick, Michael A. PhD; Wade, Charles E. PhD
[Article] Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 71(1):148-156, July 2011.

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Background: A sedated, mature male miniature swine hemorrhage model has been specifically developed to evaluate resuscitation products for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Surviving Blood Loss program.

Methods: Animals were placed in a sling, sedated with midazolam, and hemorrhaged 60% of estimated blood volume (~39 mL/kg) exponentially for 1 hour with no resuscitation (control; n = 16). An additional 26 swine were treated similarly, then resuscitated with 1 mL/kg/min of Hextend to a systolic blood pressure of either 65 mm Hg /- 2 mm Hg (n = 7) or 80 mm Hg /- 5 mm Hg (n = 7) and with 17[beta]-estradiol (E2) at 1 mg/kg (n = 6) or 10 mg/kg (n = 6). Animals were observed for 3 hours with periodic blood sampling. Survival times for the two E2 groups were not significantly different (p = 0.59); therefore, the groups were combined for comparison with control.

Results: Hemorrhage resulted in a characteristic hypotension and metabolic acidosis. Survival time for the control swine was 64 minutes /- 11.5 minutes with a 6% survival at 180 minutes. The 180 minutes Hextend survival was 86% for 65 mm Hg and 100% for 80 mm Hg. E2 survival was 125 minutes /- 15.3 minutes, significantly different from control (p = 0.01), but E2 survival of 25% at 180 minutes was not different from control.

Conclusion: A sedated, sexually mature male miniature swine severe hemorrhage model has been successfully developed, resuscitated with Hextend and used to evaluate E2 as a small volume resuscitation product.

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