Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 52(5):774–778, MAY 2004
PMID: 15086660
Issn Print: 0002-8614
Publication Date: May 2004
Depression After Stroke: A Prospective Epidemiological Study
Ellen Whyte;Benoit Mulsant;Joni Vanderbilt;Hiroko Dodge;Mary Ganguli;
+ Author Information
*Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania†Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania‡Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Abstract
To elucidate the relationship between stroke and depressive symptoms and to determine whether disability or cerebrovascular risk factors mediate that relationship.A prospective longitudinal epidemiological survey.The mid-Monongahela Valley, a rural, nonfarm, low-socioeconomic-status community.Random sample of 1,134 subjects aged 65 and older.The dependent variable was clinically significant depressive symptoms, as defined by five or more symptoms on the modified Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. The independent variables were demographics (age, sex, education), stroke, number of impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerotic heart disease, and smoking. Logistic regression analyses were conducted for cross-sectional and longitudinal models examining whether stroke was associated with or predicted depressive symptoms, with other associated factors included as covariates.Clinically significant depressive symptoms were cross-sectionally associated with stroke (odds ratio (OR) = 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–8.3), diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.7–4.6; P ≤ .05), and IADL impairment (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4–1.8; P < .05). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that stroke (OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 1.7–23.2) and depressive symptoms at baseline (OR = 15, 95% CI = 7.7–29.5) predicted subsequent clinically significant depressive symptoms measured 2 years later, whereas education was protective (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.8).Stroke survivors have a greatly elevated risk for clinically significant depressive symptoms even 2 or more years after index stroke, independent of functional disability, cerebrovascular risk factors, and previous depressive symptoms.
