For the German Rectal Cancer Study Group*From the Departments of Radiation Therapy (R.S., C.R.) and Surgery (W.H.), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; the Departments of Surgery (H.B., T.L.) and Radiation Therapy (C.F.H., H.S.), University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany; the Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (C.W.); the Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany (R.F.); the Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin (P.M.); the Department of Surgery, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder, St. Veit an der Glan, Austria (J.T.); the Institute of Radiotherapy, Landeskrankenhaus Klagenfurt, Austria (E.H.); the Department of Radiation Therapy, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (J.-H.K.); and the Department of Surgery, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany (R.R.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Sauer at the Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Erlangen, Universitatsstr. 27 91054, Erlangen, Germany, or at sekretariat@strahlen.med.uni-erlangen.de.*Other participating investigators are listed in the Appendix.