1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA 2 UAB Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA 3 Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA 4 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA 5 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 6 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 7 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 8 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA 9 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 10 Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK 11 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA 12 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA 13 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 14 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA